What does “full-stack” AI actually mean?

If you’ve tried your hand at vibe coding — or even full-blown web development — you’ve probably heard the term “full-stack.” But what does it actually mean? We asked Paige Bailey, an engineering lead at Google DeepMind, to explain the concept — and how it shows up in the Google tech you use every day.

Paige helpfully breaks down full-stack development: infrastructure, security, research, models & tooling, and products. Each one serves a crucial purpose. And all five layers work together to make Google’s AI products faster, more secure, and more helpful for users, developers, and customers.

Watch the video below to see Paige’s full explanation and learn about our full-stack approach to AI.